1, Mtengo wa Hydroxyl: 1 gramu ya polymer polyol yomwe ili ndi hydroxyl (-OH) yofanana ndi chiwerengero cha ma milligrams a KOH, unit mgKOH/g.
2, Chofanana: kulemera kwapakati kwa mamolekyu a gulu logwira ntchito.
3, Kuchuluka kwa Isocyanate: kuchuluka kwa isocyanate mu molekyulu
4, Isocyanate index: imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa isocyanate excess mu polyurethane formula, nthawi zambiri imaimiridwa ndi chilembo R.
5. Chain extender: Imatanthauza ma alcohols ndi ma amines otsika omwe amatha kukulitsa, kukulitsa kapena kupanga ma crosslinks a netiweki ya ma molecular chains.
6. Gawo lolimba: Gawo la unyolo lomwe limapangidwa ndi momwe isocyanate, chain extender ndi crosslinker zimachitikira pa unyolo waukulu wa mamolekyu a polyurethane, ndipo maguluwa ali ndi mphamvu yolumikizana kwambiri, malo ambiri komanso kulimba kwakukulu.
7, Gawo Lofewa: unyolo waukulu wa kaboni kaboni polima polyol, kusinthasintha kuli bwino, mu unyolo waukulu wa polyurethane wa gawo losinthasintha la unyolo.
8, Njira imodzi: imatanthauza oligomer polyol, diisocyanate, unyolo wowonjezera ndi chothandizira chomwe chimasakanizidwa nthawi yomweyo mutalowetsa mwachindunji mu nkhungu, pa kutentha kwinakwake njira yopangira utomoni.
9, Njira ya Prepolymer: Choyamba oligomer polyol ndi diisocyanate prepolymerization reaction, kuti apange end NCO based polyurethane prepolymer, kuthira kenako prepolymer reaction ndi unyolo extender, kukonzekera polyurethane elastomer method, yotchedwa prepolymer method.
10, Njira ya Semi-prepolymer: kusiyana pakati pa njira ya semi-prepolymer ndi njira ya prepolymer ndikuti gawo la polyel ya polyester kapena polyel ya polyether imawonjezedwa ku prepolymer mu mawonekedwe osakaniza ndi chain extender, catalyst, ndi zina zotero.
11, Kuumba kwa jekeseni ya Reaction: Kumadziwikanso kuti Reaction Injection Molding RIM (Reaction Injection Molding), kumayesedwa ndi oligomers okhala ndi kulemera kochepa kwa mamolekyulu mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi, osakanikirana nthawi yomweyo ndikulowetsedwa mu nkhungu nthawi yomweyo, ndipo kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu m'chibowo cha nkhungu, kulemera kwa mamolekyulu azinthu kumawonjezeka mwachangu. Njira yopangira ma polima atsopano okhala ndi mapangidwe atsopano amagulu pa liwiro lalikulu kwambiri.
12, Chizindikiro cha thovu: ndiko kuti, chiwerengero cha magawo a madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu magawo 100 a polyether chimatanthauzidwa ngati chizindikiro cha thovu (IF).
13, Kuchita thovu: nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kuchitapo kanthu kwa madzi ndi isocyanate kuti apange urea wolowa m'malo ndikutulutsa CO2.
14, Kuyankha kwa Gel: nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kupangika kwa kayendedwe ka carbamate.
15, Nthawi ya Gel: pansi pa mikhalidwe ina, zinthu zamadzimadzi kuti apange gel zimafunika nthawi.
16, Nthawi ya mkaka: kumapeto kwa gawo loyamba, chodabwitsa cha mkaka chimawonekera mu chisakanizo cha polyurethane cha gawo lamadzimadzi. Nthawi iyi imatchedwa nthawi ya kirimu popanga thovu la polyurethane.
17, Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa unyolo: kumatanthauza chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwa magulu a amino ndi hydroxyl (gawo: mo1) m'zigawo za unyolo (kuphatikiza chowonjezera chosakanikirana cha unyolo) ku kuchuluka kwa NCO mu prepolymer, ndiko kuti, chiŵerengero cha mole number (chiwerengero chofanana) cha gulu la hydrogen logwira ntchito ku NCO.
18, Polyether yosakhuta kwambiri: makamaka yopangira PTMG, mtengo wa PPG, kusakhuta kochepa kwachepetsedwa kufika pa 0.05mol/kg, pafupi ndi momwe PTMG imagwirira ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito DMC catalyst, mtundu waukulu wa zinthu za Bayer Acclaim.
19, Ammonia ester grade solvent: kupanga polyurethane solvent kuganizira mphamvu ya kusungunuka, kuchuluka kwa volatilization, koma kupanga polyurethane yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu solvent, kuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri poganizira NC0 yolemera mu polyurethane. Zosungunulira monga ma alcohols ndi ether alcohols zomwe zimagwirizana ndi magulu a NCO sizingasankhidwe. Chosungunuliracho sichingakhale ndi zonyansa monga madzi ndi mowa, ndipo sichingakhale ndi zinthu za alkali, zomwe zingapangitse polyurethane kuwonongeka.
Chosungunulira cha ester sichiloledwa kukhala ndi madzi, ndipo sichiyenera kukhala ndi ma acid ndi ma alcohols aulere, omwe angagwirizane ndi magulu a NCO. Chosungunulira cha ester chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu polyurethane chiyenera kukhala "ammonia ester grade solvent" chokhala ndi chiyero chapamwamba. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, chosungunuliracho chimachita ndi isocyanate yochulukirapo, kenako kuchuluka kwa isocyanate yosakhudzidwa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi dibutylamine kuti ayese ngati ndi yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti kumwa isocyanate sikugwira ntchito, chifukwa zimasonyeza kuti madzi omwe ali mu ester, mowa, asidi atatu adzadya mtengo wonse wa isocyanate, ngati chiwerengero cha magalamu a chosungunulira chofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito gulu la leqNCO chawonetsedwa, mtengo wake ndi wabwino.
Chofanana ndi Isocyanate chochepera 2500 sichigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungunulira cha polyurethane.
Polarity ya solvent imakhudza kwambiri momwe resin imagwirira ntchito. Polarity ikakula, momwe reaction imachedwera, monga toluene ndi methyl ethyl ketone kusiyana ndi nthawi 24, polarity ya solvent molecule iyi ndi yayikulu, imatha kupanga mgwirizano wa hydrogen ndi gulu la alcohol hydroxyl ndikupangitsa kuti reaction ichedwe.
Chosungunulira cha ester chopangidwa ndi polychlorinated ndi bwino kusankha chosungunulira cha aromatic, liwiro lawo la kuchitapo kanthu ndi lachangu kuposa ester, ketone, monga xylene. Kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira za ester ndi ketone kumatha kukulitsa moyo wa ntchito ya polyurethane yokhala ndi nthambi ziwiri panthawi yomanga. Pakupanga zokutira, kusankha "ammonia-grade solvent" yomwe yatchulidwa kale ndikothandiza kwa zokhazikika zosungidwa.
Zosungunulira za Ester zimakhala ndi kusungunuka kwamphamvu, kusinthasintha pang'ono kwa kutentha, poizoni wotsika ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, cyclohexanone imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri, zosungunulira za hydrocarbon zimakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa yosungunuka, sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zokha, komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi zosungunulira zina.
20, Chothandizira kupumira thupi: Chothandizira kupumira thupi ndi ma pores a thovu omwe amapangidwa kudzera mu kusintha kwa mawonekedwe enieni a chinthu, kutanthauza, kudzera mu kufalikira kwa mpweya wopanikizika, kusinthasintha kwa madzi kapena kusungunuka kwa cholimba.
21, Zopangira mpweya wa mankhwala: Zopangira mpweya wa mankhwala ndi zomwe zimatha kutulutsa mpweya monga carbon dioxide ndi nayitrogeni pambuyo potentha, ndikupanga ma pores abwino mu kapangidwe ka polima ka mankhwalawo.
22, Kulumikizana kwa thupi: pali maunyolo olimba mu unyolo wofewa wa polima, ndipo unyolo wolimba uli ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi mphira wosungunuka pambuyo pa kulumikizidwa kwa mankhwala pa kutentha pansi pa malo ofewa kapena malo osungunuka.
23, Kulumikiza kwa mankhwala: kumatanthauza njira yolumikizira maunyolo akuluakulu a mamolekyu kudzera mu zomangira za mankhwala pansi pa kuwala, kutentha, mphamvu yamagetsi, mphamvu ya ultrasound ndi zinthu zolumikizirana kuti apange polima ya netiweki kapena mawonekedwe.
24, Chiyerekezo cha thovu: chiwerengero cha magawo a madzi ofanana ndi magawo 100 a polyether chimatanthauzidwa ngati chiyerekezo cha thovu (IF).
25. Ndi mitundu iti ya isocyanates yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pankhani ya kapangidwe kake?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, Aromatic: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. Ndi mitundu iti ya isocyanate yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri? Lembani njira yopangira kapangidwe kake
A: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), MDI yosungunuka, hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Tanthauzo la TDI-100 ndi TDI-80?
A: TDI-100 imapangidwa ndi toluene diisocyanate yokhala ndi kapangidwe ka 2,4; TDI-80 imatanthauza chisakanizo chokhala ndi 80% toluene diisocyanate yokhala ndi kapangidwe ka 2,4 ndi 20% ya kapangidwe ka 2,6.
28. Kodi TDI ndi MDI zimakhala ndi makhalidwe otani popanga zinthu za polyurethane?
A: Kubwerezabwereza kwa 2,4-TDI ndi 2,6-TDI. Kubwerezabwereza kwa 2,4-TDI kuli kokwera kangapo kuposa kwa 2,6-TDI, chifukwa NCO ya malo anayi mu 2,4-TDI ili kutali ndi gulu la NCO ya malo awiri ndi gulu la methyl, ndipo palibe kukana kwa steric, pomwe NCO ya 2,6-TDI imakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira za steric za gulu la ortho-methyl.
Magulu awiri a NCO a MDI ndi osiyana kwambiri ndipo palibe zinthu zina zomwe zingalowe m'malo mwake, kotero ntchito ya NCO ziwirizi ndi yayikulu. Ngakhale NCO imodzi itakhala nayo mbali mu reaction, ntchito ya NCO yotsalayo imachepa, ndipo ntchitoyo imakhala yayikulu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, reactivity ya MDI polyurethane prepolymer ndi yayikulu kuposa ya TDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI ndi iti mwa njira zotetezera chikasu zomwe zili bwino?
A: HDI (ndi ya diisocyanate yachikasu yosasinthika), IPDI (yopangidwa ndi utomoni wa polyurethane wokhala ndi kukhazikika kwa kuwala komanso kukana mankhwala, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utomoni wa polyurethane wosasintha mtundu).
30. Cholinga cha kusintha kwa MDI ndi njira zodziwika bwino zosinthira
A: MDI Yosungunuka: Cholinga chosinthidwa: MDI yosungunuka ndi MDI yosungunuka, yomwe imathetsa zolakwika zina za MDI yosungunuka (yolimba kutentha kwa chipinda, kusungunuka ikagwiritsidwa ntchito, kutentha kambiri kumakhudza magwiridwe antchito), komanso imapereka maziko a zosintha zosiyanasiyana kuti zinthu zopangidwa ndi polyurethane zochokera ku MDI ziwongoleredwe ndi kukonzedwanso.
Njira:
① urethane modified liquefied MDI.
② carbodiimide ndi uretonimine modified liquefied MDI.
31. Ndi mitundu iti ya ma polima polyol omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri?
A: Polyol ya polyester, polyol ya polyether
32. Kodi pali njira zingati zopangira ma polyester polyols m'mafakitale?
A: Njira yosungunula vacuum B, njira yosungunula mpweya wonyamula C, njira yosungunula ya azeotropic
33. Kodi mapangidwe apadera a polyester ndi polyether polyols ndi ati?
A: Polyester polyol: Chosakaniza cha mowa cha macromolecular chokhala ndi gulu la ester pa msana wa molekyulu ndi gulu la hydroxyl (-OH) kumapeto kwa gulu. Polyether polyols: Polymers kapena oligomers okhala ndi ma ether bond (-O-) ndi ma end band (-Oh) kapena magulu a amine (-NH2) mu kapangidwe ka msana wa molekyulu.
34. Kodi mitundu ya polyether polyols ndi iti malinga ndi makhalidwe awo?
A: Polyols za polyether zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwambiri, polyols za polyether zolumikizidwa, polyols za polyether zoletsa moto, polyols za polyether zosinthidwa heterocyclic, polyols za polyether za polytetrahydrofuran.
35. Kodi pali mitundu ingati ya ma polyether wamba malinga ndi choyambira?
A: Polyoxide propylene glycol, polyoxide propylene triol, polyol yolimba ya polyether, polyol yotsika kwambiri ya polyether.
36. Kodi kusiyana pakati pa ma polyether othetsedwa ndi hydroxy ndi ma polyether othetsedwa ndi amine ndi kotani?
Ma polyether opangidwa ndi amino ndi ma polyoxide allyl ethers pomwe kumapeto kwa hydroxyl kumalowedwa m'malo ndi gulu la amine.
37. Ndi mitundu iti ya polyurethane catalysts yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri? Ndi mitundu iti yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri yomwe ikuphatikizidwa?
A: Ma catalyst amine apamwamba, mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi iyi: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine, N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
Mitundu ya alkyl yachitsulo, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi iyi: organotin catalysts, ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: stannous octoate, stannous oleate, dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Kodi zowonjezerera unyolo wa polyurethane kapena zolumikizirana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ziti?
A: Polyols (1, 4-butanediol), alicyclic alcohols, aromatic alcohols, diamines, alcohol amines (ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. Kachitidwe ka zochita za isocyanates
A: Kachitidwe ka ma isocyanates ndi ma active hydrogen compounds kamachitika chifukwa cha nucleophilic center ya active hydrogen compound molecule yomwe imaukira atomu ya carbon yochokera ku NCO. Njira yochitira izi ndi iyi:
40. Kodi kapangidwe ka isocyanate kamakhudza bwanji momwe magulu a NCO amagwirira ntchito?
A: Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya ma elekitironi m'gulu la AR: ngati gulu la R ndi gulu lotenga ma elekitironi, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya ma elekitironi m'ma atomu a C mu gulu la -NCO kumakhala kochepa, ndipo kumakhala kosavuta kuukiridwa ndi ma nucleophiles, ndiko kuti, kumakhala kosavuta kuchita ma nucleophilic reactions ndi ma alcohols, ma amines ndi mankhwala ena. Ngati R ndi gulu lopereka ma elekitironi ndipo limasamutsidwa kudzera mu mtambo wa ma elekitironi, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya mphamvu ya ma elekitironi m'ma atomu a C mu gulu la -NCO kudzawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti lisavutike kwambiri ndi ma nucleophiles, ndipo mphamvu yake yochitapo kanthu ndi ma hydrogen compounds yogwira ntchito idzachepa. B. Mphamvu yoyambitsa: Chifukwa chakuti aromatic diisocyanate ili ndi magulu awiri a NCO, pamene jini yoyamba ya -NCO itenga nawo mbali mu reaction, chifukwa cha mphamvu yolumikizana ya mphete ya aromatic, gulu la -NCO lomwe silitenga nawo mbali mu reaction lidzasewera gawo la gulu lotenga ma elekitironi, kotero kuti ntchito yochitapo kanthu ya gulu loyamba la NCO ikulimbitsidwa, yomwe ndi mphamvu yoyambitsa. C. zotsatira za steric: Mu mamolekyu a aromatic diisocyanate, ngati magulu awiri a -NCO ali mu mphete ya aromatic nthawi imodzi, ndiye kuti mphamvu ya gulu limodzi la NCO pa reactivity ya gulu lina la NCO nthawi zambiri imakhala yofunika kwambiri. Komabe, pamene magulu awiri a NCO ali mu mphete zosiyanasiyana za aromatic mu molekyulu yomweyo, kapena atalekanitsidwa ndi unyolo wa hydrocarbon kapena mphete za aromatic, kuyanjana pakati pawo kumakhala kochepa, ndipo kumachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa unyolo wa hydrocarbon kapena kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha mphete za aromatic.
41. Mitundu ya mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito haidrojeni ndi reactivity ya NCO
A: Aliphatic NH2> Gulu la Aromatic Bozui OH> Madzi > Secondary OH> Phenol OH> Gulu la Carboxyl > Urea wolowetsedwa > Amido> Carbamate. (Ngati kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi a pakati pa nucleophilic kuli kokwera, kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi kumakhala kolimba, ndipo zochita ndi isocyanate zimakhala zokwera ndipo liwiro la zochita limathamanga; Apo ayi, ntchitoyo imakhala yotsika.)
42. Mphamvu ya ma hydroxyl pa reactivity yawo ndi isocyanates
A: Kuyanjana kwa ma active hydrogen compounds (ROH kapena RNH2) kumagwirizana ndi makhalidwe a R, pamene R ndi gulu lochotsa ma electron (low electronegativity), zimakhala zovuta kusamutsa maatomu a hydrogen, ndipo momwe ma active hydrogen compounds amachitira ndi NCO zimakhala zovuta kwambiri; Ngati R ndi cholowa m'malo mwa electron-donating, momwe ma active hydrogen compounds ndi NCO zimagwirira ntchito bwino.
43. Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito isocyanate reaction ndi madzi n'chiyani?
A: Ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri popanga thovu la polyurethane. Kachitidwe kameneka kamayamba kamapanga asidi wosakhazikika wa carbamic, womwe kenako umagawikana kukhala CO2 ndi amines, ndipo ngati isocyanate yachuluka, amine yomwe imabwera imayanjanitsidwa ndi isocyanate kuti ipange urea.
44. Pokonzekera ma elastomer a polyurethane, kuchuluka kwa madzi mu ma polyol a polymer kuyenera kulamulidwa mosamala.
A: Palibe thovu lofunikira mu ma elastomer, zokutira ndi ulusi, kotero kuchuluka kwa madzi muzinthu zopangira kuyenera kulamulidwa mosamala, nthawi zambiri osakwana 0.05%.
45. Kusiyana kwa zotsatira za catalytic za amine ndi tin catalysts pa zochita za isocyanate
A: Ma catalyst amine apamwamba ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zoyambitsa isocyanate ndi madzi, pomwe ma catalyst a tin ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zoyambitsa isocyanate ndi gulu la hydroxyl.
46. N’chifukwa chiyani utomoni wa polyurethane ungaonedwe ngati polima wa block, ndipo kodi mawonekedwe a unyolo ndi otani?
Yankho: Popeza gawo la unyolo wa polyurethane resin limapangidwa ndi zigawo zolimba komanso zofewa, gawo lolimba limatanthauza gawo la unyolo lomwe limapangidwa ndi momwe isocyanate, chain extender ndi crosslinker zimachitikira pa unyolo waukulu wa mamolekyu a polyurethane, ndipo maguluwa ali ndi mphamvu yolumikizana kwambiri, malo ambiri komanso kulimba kwakukulu. Gawo lofewa limatanthauza polyol ya carbon-carbon main chain polymer, yomwe ili ndi kusinthasintha kwabwino ndipo ndi gawo losinthasintha mu unyolo waukulu wa polyurethane.
47. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza mawonekedwe a zinthu zopangidwa ndi polyurethane?
A: Mphamvu yogwirizana ndi gulu, chomangira cha haidrojeni, kristalo, digiri yolumikizirana, kulemera kwa mamolekyulu, gawo lolimba, gawo lofewa.
48. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zopangira zomwe zili mu unyolo waukulu wa zinthu za polyurethane zomwe zili ndi zofewa komanso zolimba?
A: Gawo lofewa limapangidwa ndi oligomer polyols (polyester, polyether diols, ndi zina zotero), ndipo gawo lolimba limapangidwa ndi polyisocyanates kapena kuphatikiza kwawo ndi ma molecule ang'onoang'ono owonjezera unyolo.
49. Kodi zigawo zofewa ndi zigawo zolimba zimakhudza bwanji mawonekedwe a zinthu zopangidwa ndi polyurethane?
A: Gawo lofewa: (1) Kulemera kwa mamolekyulu a gawo lofewa: poganiza kuti kulemera kwa mamolekyulu a polyurethane ndi komweko, ngati gawo lofewa ndi polyester, mphamvu ya polyurethane idzawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwa mamolekyulu a polyester diol; Ngati gawo lofewa ndi polyether, mphamvu ya polyurethane imachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwa mamolekyulu a polyether diol, koma kutalika kumawonjezeka. (2) Kuchuluka kwa kristalo kwa gawo lofewa: Kumathandizira kwambiri ku kristalo ya gawo la unyolo wa polyurethane. Kawirikawiri, crystallization ndi yothandiza pakukweza magwiridwe antchito a zinthu za polyurethane, koma nthawi zina crystallization imachepetsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa zinthuzo, ndipo crystallization nthawi zambiri imakhala yosawonekera.
Gawo lolimba: Gawo lolimba la unyolo nthawi zambiri limakhudza kutentha kofewa ndi kusungunuka komanso kutentha kwambiri kwa polima. Ma polyurethane okonzedwa ndi aromatic isocyanates ali ndi mphete zolimba za aromatic, kotero mphamvu ya polima mu gawo lolimba imawonjezeka, ndipo mphamvu ya zinthu nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulu kuposa ya aliphatic isocyanate polyurethanes, koma kukana kuwonongeka kwa ultraviolet ndi kochepa, ndipo kumakhala kosavuta kufiira. Ma polyurethane a Aliphatic samakhala achikasu.
50. Gulu la thovu la polyurethane
A: (1) thovu lolimba ndi thovu lofewa, (2) thovu lolimba kwambiri komanso lochepa, (3) thovu la mtundu wa polyester, thovu la mtundu wa polyether, (4) thovu la mtundu wa TDI, thovu la mtundu wa MDI, (5) thovu la polyurethane ndi thovu la polyisocyanurate, (6) njira imodzi yopangira njira yopangira polymerization, njira yopitilira komanso yopanga nthawi ndi nthawi, (8) thovu lopangidwa ndi thovu lopangidwa.
51. Zochita zoyambira pokonzekera thovu
A: Limatanthauza momwe -NCO imachitira ndi -OH, -NH2 ndi H2O, ndipo ikachita ndi ma polyol, "gel reaction" mu ndondomeko yotulutsa thovu nthawi zambiri imatanthauza momwe carbamate imachitira. Chifukwa chakuti thovu limagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira zinthu zambiri, maukonde olumikizidwa amapezeka, zomwe zimathandiza kuti thovu lizitha kusungunuka mwachangu.
Kutulutsa thovu kumachitika m'makina opangira thovu pamene pali madzi. Chomwe chimatchedwa "kutulutsa thovu" nthawi zambiri chimatanthauza momwe madzi ndi isocyanate zimachitira kuti apange urea wolowa m'malo mwake ndikutulutsa CO2.
52. Kachitidwe ka nucleation ka thovu
Zinthu zopangira zimakumana ndi madzi kapena zimatengera kutentha komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika kuti zipange mpweya woipa ndikupangitsa mpweyawo kusinthasintha. Pamene kutentha kwa mpweya kukupita patsogolo komanso kupanga kutentha kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoipa ndi kusinthasintha kwa mpweya kumawonjezeka mosalekeza. Pamene kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumawonjezeka kupitirira kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa, thovu lokhazikika limayamba kupanga mu gawo la yankho ndikukwera.
53. Udindo wa chokhazikika cha thovu pakukonzekera thovu la polyurethane
A: Ili ndi mphamvu ya emulsification, kotero kuti kusungunuka pakati pa zigawo za thovu kumawonjezeka; Pambuyo powonjezera silicone surfactant, chifukwa imachepetsa kwambiri kupsinjika kwa pamwamba pa madzi, mphamvu yowonjezera yaulere yofunikira kuti mpweya utuluke imachepa, kotero kuti mpweya womwazika mu zopangira umakhala ndi mwayi woti nucleate panthawi yosakaniza, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga thovu laling'ono ndikukweza kukhazikika kwa thovu.
54. Njira yokhazikika ya thovu
A: Kuonjezera ma surfactants oyenera kumathandiza kuti pakhale kufalikira kwa thovu laling'ono.
55. Njira yopangira thovu lotseguka ndi thovu lotsekedwa
A: Kapangidwe ka thovu lotseguka: Nthawi zambiri, pakakhala kupanikizika kwakukulu mu thovu, mphamvu ya khoma la thovu lopangidwa ndi gel reaction si yayikulu, ndipo filimu ya khoma silingathe kupirira kutambasuka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mpweya, filimu ya khoma la thovu imakokedwa, ndipo mpweya umatuluka kuchokera ku kuphulika, ndikupanga thovu lotseguka.
Njira yopangira thovu la maselo otsekedwa: Pa dongosolo lolimba la thovu, chifukwa cha momwe polyether polyols imagwirira ntchito zambiri komanso zolemera zochepa za mamolekyulu ndi polyisocyanate zimagwirira ntchito, liwiro la gel ndi lachangu, ndipo mpweya womwe uli mu thovu sungaswe khoma la thovu, motero kupanga thovu la maselo otsekedwa.
56. Njira yopangira thovu la thupi ndi mankhwala opangira thovu
A: Chothandizira kupumira: Chothandizira kupumira ndi ma pores a thovu omwe amapangidwa kudzera mu kusintha kwa mawonekedwe enieni a chinthu china, kutanthauza, kudzera mu kufalikira kwa mpweya wopanikizika, kusinthasintha kwa madzi kapena kusungunuka kwa cholimba.
Zinthu zopukutira mankhwala: Zinthu zopukutira mankhwala ndi zinthu zomwe, zikawola ndi kutentha, zimatulutsa mpweya monga carbon dioxide ndi nayitrogeni ndipo zimapanga ma pores abwino mu kapangidwe ka polima.
57. Njira yokonzekera thovu lofewa la polyurethane
A: Njira imodzi ndi njira ya prepolymer
Njira ya Prepolymer: ndiko kuti, polyol ya polyether ndi TDI yowonjezera imapangidwa kukhala prepolymer yokhala ndi gulu la NCO laulere, kenako imasakanizidwa ndi madzi, chothandizira, chokhazikika, ndi zina zotero, kuti apange thovu. Njira imodzi: Zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimasakanizidwa mwachindunji mu mutu wosakaniza kudzera mu kuwerengera, ndipo sitepe imapangidwa ndi thovu, lomwe lingagawidwe kukhala lopitirira komanso losasinthasintha.
58. Makhalidwe a thovu lopingasa ndi thovu loyima
Njira yolinganiza bwino mbale yokakamiza: yodziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pepala lapamwamba ndi mbale yophimba pamwamba. Njira yodutsa m'mphepete mwa msewu: yodziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito msewu wodutsa m'mphepete mwa msewu ndi mbale yolandirira katundu.
Makhalidwe a thovu loyima: mungagwiritse ntchito njira yaying'ono yopezera malo akuluakulu opingasa a thovu, ndipo nthawi zambiri mumagwiritsa ntchito makina opingasa opingasa kuti mupeze gawo lomwelo la chipikacho, kuchuluka kwa madzi kumakhala kokulirapo katatu mpaka kasanu kuposa thovu loyima; Chifukwa cha gawo lalikulu la chipika cha thovu, palibe khungu lapamwamba ndi lotsika, ndipo khungu la m'mphepete nalonso ndi lochepa, kotero kutayika kwa kudula kumachepa kwambiri. Zipangizozi zimaphimba malo ang'onoang'ono, kutalika kwa chomera ndi pafupifupi 12 ~ 13m, ndipo ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa pa chomera ndi zida ndi zochepa kuposa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thovu loyima; N'zosavuta kusintha hopper ndi chitsanzocho kuti mupange matupi a thovu lozungulira kapena lamakona, makamaka ma billets ozungulira a thovu kuti mudulire mozungulira.
59. Mfundo zazikulu zosankhidwira zinthu zopangira thovu lofewa
A: Polyol: polyether polyol ya thovu wamba, kulemera kwa mamolekyu nthawi zambiri kumakhala 3000 ~ 4000, makamaka polyether triol. Polyether triol yokhala ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyu a 4500 ~ 6000 imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa thovu lolimba kwambiri. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwa mamolekyu, mphamvu yokoka, kutalika, ndi kulimba kwa thovu kumawonjezeka. Kugwira ntchito kwa ma polyether ofanana kumachepa. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri yogwira ntchito ya polyether, kuyankha kumawonjezeka, digiri yolumikizira ya polyurethane imawonjezeka, kuuma kwa thovu kumawonjezeka, ndipo kutalika kumachepa. Isocyanate: Zinthu zopangira isocyanate za thovu lolimba la polyurethane makamaka ndi toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Ntchito yochepa ya TDI-65 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha pa thovu la polyester polyurethane kapena thovu lapadera la polyether. Catalyst: Ubwino wothandiza wa thovu lofewa la thovu lofewa ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: limodzi ndi mankhwala a organometallic, stannous caprylate ndiye omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri; Mtundu wina ndi ma tertiary amines, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati dimethylaminoethyl ethers. Foam stabilizer: Mu polyester polyurethane bulk thovu, non-silicon surfactants amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo mu polyether bulk thovu, organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Thovu lothandizira: Kawirikawiri, madzi okha ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thovu lothandizira pamene kuchuluka kwa thovu lofewa la polyurethane kuli koposa 21 kg pa cubic mita; Ma compounds otsika otentha monga methylene chloride (MC) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati othandizira opukutira okha mu ma formula ochepa.
60. Mphamvu ya chilengedwe pa makhalidwe enieni a thovu lopangidwa ndi ma block
A: Zotsatira za kutentha: momwe thovu la polyurethane limagwirira ntchito limathamanga pamene kutentha kwa zinthu kumakwera, zomwe zimayambitsa chiopsezo cha kuyaka kwapakati ndi moto m'njira zodziwika bwino. Mphamvu ya chinyezi cha mpweya: Pamene chinyezi chikuwonjezeka, chifukwa cha momwe gulu la isocyanate limachitira mu thovu ndi madzi mumlengalenga, kuuma kwa thovu kumachepa ndipo kutalika kwake kumawonjezeka. Mphamvu yokoka ya thovu imawonjezeka pamene gulu la urea likuwonjezeka. Zotsatira za kuthamanga kwa mpweya: Pa njira yomweyo, pamene thovu likukwera kwambiri, kuchulukana kumachepa kwambiri.
61. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njira zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thovu lofewa lozizira ndi thovu lotentha lopangidwa
Yankho: Zipangizo zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zoziziritsa kukhosi zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo palibe chifukwa chotenthetsera kunja panthawi yokonza, kutengera kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi makinawo, njira yokonza zinthu imatha kumalizidwa munthawi yochepa, ndipo nkhungu imatha kutulutsidwa mkati mwa mphindi zochepa mutalowetsa zinthu zopangira. Mphamvu ya thovu lopaka zinthu zoziziritsa kukhosi ndi yochepa, ndipo chisakanizo cha njirayo chiyenera kutenthedwa pamodzi ndi nkhungu pambuyo potulutsa thovu mu nkhungu, ndipo thovu limatha kutulutsidwa litakhwima bwino mu njira yophikira.
62. Kodi thovu lofewa lopangidwa ndi chimfine ndi makhalidwe otani poyerekeza ndi thovu lopangidwa ndi chimfine lotentha?
A: ① Njira yopangira siifuna kutentha kwakunja, imatha kusunga kutentha kwambiri; ② Kuchuluka kwa kutsika kwa kutentha (kusinthasintha kwa kutentha), magwiridwe antchito abwino; ③ Kuchuluka kwa kubweza kwamphamvu; ④ Thovu lopanda choletsa moto lilinso ndi zinthu zina zoletsa moto; ⑤ Kuzungulira kwakanthawi kochepa kopanga, kumatha kusunga nkhungu, komanso kusunga ndalama.
63. Makhalidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka thovu lofewa ndi thovu lolimba motsatana
A: Makhalidwe a thovu lofewa: Kapangidwe ka maselo a thovu lofewa la polyurethane nthawi zambiri limakhala lotseguka. Nthawi zambiri, limakhala ndi kukhuthala kochepa, kuchira bwino kwa elastic, kuyamwa kwa mawu, kulowa kwa mpweya, kusunga kutentha ndi zina. Ntchito: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa mipando, zinthu zomangira, zinthu zomangira mipando yagalimoto, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomangira zofewa zopangidwa ndi laminated, thovu lofewa la mafakitale ndi lapakhomo limagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zinthu zosefera, zinthu zomangira mawu, zinthu zoteteza kugwedezeka, zinthu zokongoletsera, zinthu zomangirira ndi zinthu zomangira kutentha.
Makhalidwe a thovu lolimba: thovu la polyurethane lili ndi kulemera kopepuka, mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukhazikika kwabwino; Mphamvu yotenthetsera kutentha ya thovu lolimba la polyurethane ndi yapamwamba kwambiri. Mphamvu yolimba yomatira; Kukalamba bwino, moyo wautali wa adiabatic; Kusakaniza kwa reaction kumakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwabwino ndipo kumatha kudzaza malo ozungulira kapena malo owoneka bwino bwino. Zipangizo zopangira thovu lolimba la polyurethane zimakhala ndi reactivity yayikulu, zimatha kuchira mwachangu, ndipo zimatha kuchita bwino kwambiri komanso kupanga zinthu zambiri mufakitale.
Ntchito: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zotetezera kutentha m'mafiriji, mafiriji, zotengera zosungiramo zinthu zoziziritsa kukhosi, malo osungiramo zinthu zoziziritsa kukhosi, mapaipi amafuta ndi mapaipi amadzi otentha, makoma ndi denga losungiramo zinthu, bolodi la sandwich lotetezera kutentha, ndi zina zotero.
64. Mfundo zazikulu za kapangidwe ka fomula yolimba ya thovu
A: Polyols: polyols za polyether zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thovu lolimba nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, hydroxyl value (low molecular weight) polyols za polypropylene oxide; Isocyanate: Pakadali pano, isocyanate yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thovu lolimba makamaka ndi polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (yomwe imadziwika kuti PAPI), kutanthauza, crude MDI ndi polymerized MDI; Zopangira zopumira:(1) CFC blowing agent (2) HCFC ndi HFC blowing agent (3) pentane blowing agent (4) madzi; Foam stabilizer: Foam stabilizer yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thovu lolimba la polyurethane nthawi zambiri ndi block polymer ya polydimethylsiloxane ndi polyoxolefin. Pakadali pano, zolimbitsa thovu zambiri zimakhala zamtundu wa Si-C; Catalyst: Chothandizira popanga thovu lolimba makamaka ndi tertiary amine, ndipo organotin catalyst ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazochitika zapadera; Zowonjezera zina: Malinga ndi zofunikira ndi zosowa za kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana za thovu lolimba la polyurethane, zinthu zoletsa moto, zinthu zotsegula, zoletsa utsi, zinthu zoletsa ukalamba, zinthu zoletsa chimfine, zinthu zolimba ndi zina zowonjezera zitha kuwonjezeredwa ku fomula.
65. Mfundo yokonzekera thovu la khungu lonse
A: thovu la khungu lokhazikika (ISF), lomwe limadziwikanso kuti thovu lodzipaka (thovu lodzipaka), ndi thovu la pulasitiki lomwe limapanga khungu lake lolimba panthawi yopanga.
66. Makhalidwe ndi ntchito za polyurethane microporous elastomers
A: Makhalidwe: polyurethane elastomer ndi polima yopangidwa ndi polyol yosinthasintha, diisocyanate ndi unyolo wowonjezera kuti apange gawo lolimba, gawo lolimba ndi dongosolo lofewa la gawo lina, ndikupanga gawo lobwerezabwereza. Kuphatikiza pa kukhala ndi magulu a ammonia ester, polyurethane imatha kupanga ma hydrogen bond mkati ndi pakati pa mamolekyulu, ndipo magawo ofewa ndi olimba amatha kupanga madera a microphase ndikupanga kulekanitsidwa kwa microphase.
67. Kodi makhalidwe akuluakulu a polyurethane elastomers ndi ati?
A: Makhalidwe a magwiridwe antchito: 1, mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu, zitha kukhala zosiyanasiyana (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) kuti zikhale ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu; Kawirikawiri, kuuma kochepa komwe kumafunika kumatha kuchitika popanda pulasitiki, kotero palibe vuto lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi kusamuka kwa pulasitiki; 2, pansi pa kuuma komweko, mphamvu yonyamulira yapamwamba kuposa ma elastomer ena; 3, kukana bwino kuvala, kukana kwake kuvala ndi kuwirikiza kawiri mpaka 10 kuposa mphira wachilengedwe; 4. Kukana bwino mafuta ndi mankhwala; Kukana fungo la polyurethane; Kukana bwino mpweya ndi ozoni; 5, kukana kwakukulu, kukana kutopa bwino komanso kukana kugwedezeka, koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma frequency flexure; 6, kusinthasintha kochepa kwa kutentha ndikwabwino; 7, polyurethane wamba singagwiritsidwe ntchito pamwamba pa 100 ℃, koma kugwiritsa ntchito formula yapadera kumatha kupirira kutentha kwakukulu kwa 140 ℃; 8, ndalama zopangira ndi kukonza ndizochepa.
68. Ma elastomer a polyurethane amagawidwa malinga ndi ma polyol, isocyanates, njira zopangira, ndi zina zotero.
A: 1. Malinga ndi zinthu zopangira za polyol ya oligomer, ma elastomer a polyurethane amatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: mtundu wa polyester, mtundu wa polyether, mtundu wa polyolefin, mtundu wa polycarbonate, ndi zina zotero. Mtundu wa polyether ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: mtundu wa polytetrahydrofuran ndi mtundu wa polypropylene oxide malinga ndi mitundu inayake; 2. Malinga ndi kusiyana kwa diisocyanate, imatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: aliphatic ndi aromatic elastomers, ndikugawidwa m'magulu awiri: mtundu wa TDI, mtundu wa MDI, mtundu wa IPDI, mtundu wa NDI ndi mitundu ina; Kuchokera ku njira yopangira, ma elastomer a polyurethane nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu atatu: mtundu wa casting (CPU), thermoplasticity (TPU) ndi mtundu wosakaniza (MPU).
69. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza mawonekedwe a polyurethane elastomers poganizira kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu?
A: Kuchokera pamalingaliro a kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu, polyurethane elastomer ndi polima yopangidwa ndi ma polyols a oligomer osinthasintha, gawo lofewa la unyolo wautali, diisocyanate ndi unyolo wowonjezera kuti apange gawo lolimba, gawo lolimba ndi gawo lofewa, ndikupanga gawo lobwerezabwereza. Kuphatikiza pa kukhala ndi magulu a ammonia ester, polyurethane imatha kupanga ma hydrogen bond mkati ndi pakati pa mamolekyulu, ndipo magawo ofewa ndi olimba amatha kupanga madera a microphase ndikupanga kulekanitsidwa kwa microphase. Makhalidwe a kapangidwe kameneka amachititsa kuti polyurethane elastomers ikhale ndi kukana kwambiri kuvala komanso kulimba, komwe kumadziwika kuti "raba yosatha kuvala".
70. Kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa mtundu wamba wa polyester ndi elastomers wa polytetrahydrofuran ether
A: Mamolekyu a polyester ali ndi magulu ambiri a polar ester (-COO-), omwe amatha kupanga ma hydrogen bond amphamvu mkati mwa mamolekyu, kotero polyester polyurethane ili ndi mphamvu zambiri, kukana kukalamba komanso kukana mafuta.
Elastomer yopangidwa kuchokera ku polyether polyols ili ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwa hydrolysis, kukana nyengo, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kochepa komanso kukana nkhungu. Gwero la nkhani/Kafukufuku wa kuphunzira za polymer
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-17-2024