1, Mtengo wa Hydroxyl: 1 gram polymer polymer yokhala ndi hydroxyl (-OH) yofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma milligrams a KOH, unit mgKOH/g.
2, Zofanana: pafupifupi kulemera kwa maselo a gulu logwira ntchito.
3, zomwe zili ndi Isocyanate: zomwe zili mu isocyanate mu molekyulu
4, Isocyanate index: ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa isocyanate mu fomula ya polyurethane, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayimiridwa ndi chilembo R.
5. Chain extender: Amatanthawuza za mowa wocheperako wa ma molekyulu ndi ma amines omwe amatha kukulitsa, kukulitsa kapena kupanga maukonde olumikizana ndi ma cell a maunyolo a maselo.
6. Gawo lolimba: Gawo la unyolo lomwe limapangidwa ndi zomwe isocyanate, chain extender ndi crosslinker pa unyolo waukulu wa mamolekyu a polyurethane, ndipo maguluwa ali ndi mphamvu zogwirizanitsa zazikulu, voliyumu yaikulu ya danga ndi kukhazikika kwakukulu.
7, Gawo lofewa: mpweya wa carbon main chain polymer polymer, kusinthasintha ndikwabwino, mu unyolo waukulu wa polyurethane pagawo losinthika la unyolo.
8, Njira imodzi: amatanthauza oligomer polyol, diisocyanate, unyolo extender ndi chothandizira kusakaniza nthawi yomweyo pambuyo jekeseni mwachindunji mu nkhungu, pa ena kutentha kuchiritsa akamaumba njira.
9, Prepolymer njira: Choyamba oligomer polyol ndi diisocyanate prepolymerization anachita, kupanga mapeto NCO zochokera polyurethane prepolymer, kuthira ndiyeno prepolymer anachita ndi unyolo extender, kukonzekera polyurethane elastomer njira, wotchedwa prepolymer njira.
10, Njira ya Semi-prepolymer: kusiyana pakati pa njira ya semi-prepolymer ndi njira ya prepolymer ndikuti gawo la polyester polyol kapena polyether polyol imawonjezedwa ku prepolymer mu mawonekedwe a osakaniza ndi unyolo extender, chothandizira, etc.
11, Rection jekeseni akamaumba: Amadziwikanso kuti Reaction jekeseni akamaumba RIM (Reaction jekeseni Kuumba), amayezedwa ndi oligomers ndi otsika maselo kulemera mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi, nthawi yomweyo osakaniza ndi jekeseni mu nkhungu nthawi yomweyo, ndipo anachita mofulumira mu nkhungu patsekeke, maselo kulemera kwa zinthu ukuwonjezeka mofulumira. Njira yopangira ma polima atsopano okhala ndi magulu atsopano othamanga kwambiri.
12, Foaming index: ndiko kuti, kuchuluka kwa magawo amadzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo 100 a polyether amatanthauzidwa kuti foaming index (IF).
13, Foaming reaction: nthawi zambiri amatanthauza momwe madzi amachitira ndi isocyanate kupanga urea m'malo ndikutulutsa CO2.
14, Gel reaction: nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mapangidwe a carbamate reaction.
15, Gel nthawi: nthawi zina, zinthu zamadzimadzi kupanga gel osakaniza zimafunika nthawi.
16, Nthawi ya Milky: Kumapeto kwa zone I, chodabwitsa chamkaka chimapezeka mumadzi osakaniza a polyurethane. Nthawi imeneyi imatchedwa nthawi ya kirimu mumbadwo wa thovu la polyurethane.
17, Coefficient yokulitsa unyolo: imatanthawuza chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwa magulu a amino ndi hydroxyl (gawo: mo1) m'magulu a unyolo (kuphatikizapo osakanikirana osakanikirana) ndi kuchuluka kwa NCO mu prepolymer, ndiko kuti, nambala ya mole. (chiwerengero chofanana) cha gulu la haidrojeni yogwira ntchito ku NCO.
18, Polyether yotsika kwambiri: makamaka yachitukuko cha PTMG, mtengo wa PPG, unsaturation watsitsidwa mpaka 0.05mol/kg, pafupi ndi magwiridwe antchito a PTMG, pogwiritsa ntchito chothandizira cha DMC, mitundu yayikulu yazogulitsa za Bayer Acclaim.
19, Ammonia ester kalasi zosungunulira: kupanga polyurethane zosungunulira kuganizira mphamvu kuvunda, mlingo volatilization, koma kupanga polyurethane ntchito zosungunulira, ayenera kuganizira mozama NC0 mu polyurethane. Zosungunulira monga ma alcohols ndi ether alcohols omwe amachitira ndi magulu a NCO sangathe kusankhidwa. Zosungunulira sizingakhale ndi zonyansa monga madzi ndi mowa, ndipo sizingakhale ndi zinthu zamchere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti polyurethane iwonongeke.
Zosungunulira za ester siziloledwa kukhala ndi madzi, ndipo siziyenera kukhala ndi ma asidi aulere ndi ma alcohols, omwe adzachita ndi magulu a NCO. Zosungunulira za ester zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu polyurethane ziyenera kukhala "ammonia ester grade solvent" ndi kuyera kwambiri. Ndiko kuti, zosungunulira zimakhudzidwa ndi isocyanate wochuluka, ndiyeno kuchuluka kwa isocyanate yosagwiritsidwa ntchito kumatsimikiziridwa ndi dibutylamine kuyesa ngati kuli koyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mfundo ndi yakuti kumwa isocyanate sikugwira ntchito, chifukwa zimasonyeza kuti madzi mu ester, mowa, asidi atatu adzadya mtengo wonse wa isocyanate, ngati chiwerengero cha magalamu a zosungunulira zofunika kudya leqNCO gulu likuwonetsedwa, mtengo ndi kukhazikika kwabwino.
Isocyanate yofanana ndi yochepera 2500 sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungunulira cha polyurethane.
The polarity wa zosungunulira ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa zimene utomoni mapangidwe. Kuchuluka kwa polarity, pang'onopang'ono zomwe, monga toluene ndi methyl ethyl ketone kusiyana kwa nthawi 24, polarity yosungunulira iyi ndi yaikulu, imatha kupanga mgwirizano wa haidrojeni ndi gulu la mowa wa hydroxyl ndikupanga zomwe zimachitika pang'onopang'ono.
Polychlorinated ester zosungunulira ndi bwino kusankha onunkhira zosungunulira, anachita liwiro mofulumira kuposa ester, ketone, monga xylene. Kugwiritsa ntchito ester ndi ketone solvents kumatha kukulitsa moyo wautumiki wa polyurethane yokhala ndi nthambi ziwiri panthawi yomanga. Popanga zokutira, kusankha kwa "ammonia-grade solvent" yomwe yatchulidwa kale ndi yopindulitsa kwa osungira okhazikika.
Zosungunulira za Ester zimakhala ndi kusungunuka kwamphamvu, kusinthasintha kwapakati, kawopsedwe kakang'ono ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, cyclohexanone imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri, zosungunulira za hydrocarbon zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zosungunuka, kugwiritsa ntchito kokha, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zosungunulira zina.
20, Physical kuwomba wothandizila: thupi kuwomba wothandizila ndi thovu pores aumbike mwa kusintha kwa thupi mawonekedwe a chinthu, ndiko, mwa kukula kwa wothinikizidwa mpweya, ndi volatilization madzi kapena kupasuka kolimba.
21, Chemical blowing agents: mankhwala omwe amawomba ndi omwe amatha kutulutsa mpweya monga mpweya woipa ndi nayitrogeni pambuyo pakuwola ndikuwola, ndikupanga ma pores abwino popanga polima.
22, Kuphatikizika kwakuthupi: pali maunyolo olimba mu unyolo wofewa wa polima, ndipo tcheni cholimbacho chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mphira wovunda pambuyo polumikizana ndi mankhwala pa kutentha pansi pa malo ofewa kapena malo osungunuka.
23, Chemical crosslinking: imatanthawuza njira yolumikizira unyolo waukulu wa maselo kudzera m'maunyolo amankhwala pansi pa kuwala, kutentha, ma radiation apamwamba, mphamvu yamakina, ma ultrasound ndi othandizira ophatikizira kupanga maukonde kapena mawonekedwe a polima.
24, Foaming index: kuchuluka kwa magawo amadzi olingana ndi magawo 100 a polyether amatanthauzidwa kuti foaming index (IF).
25. Ndi mitundu yanji ya isocyanate yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri potengera kapangidwe kake?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, Aromatic: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. Ndi mitundu yanji ya isocyanate yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri? Lembani chilinganizo chokhazikika
A: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4 '-disocyanate (MDI), polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), liquefied MDI, hexamethylene-disocyanate (HDI).
27. Tanthauzo la TDI-100 ndi TDI-80?
A: TDI-100 wapangidwa toluene diisocyanate ndi 2,4 dongosolo; TDI-80 imatanthawuza kusakaniza kokhala ndi 80% toluene diisocyanate ya 2,4 kapangidwe ndi 20% ya 2,6 kapangidwe.
28. Kodi ndi makhalidwe ati a TDI ndi MDI mu kaphatikizidwe ka zipangizo za polyurethane?
A: Kuchitanso kwa 2,4-TDI ndi 2,6-TDI. Reactivity ya 2,4-TDI ndi yokwera kangapo kuposa ya 2,6-TDI, chifukwa 4-position NCO mu 2,4-TDI ili kutali ndi 2-position NCO ndi methyl gulu, ndipo pali pafupifupi palibe kukana kwa steric, pomwe NCO ya 2,6-TDI imakhudzidwa ndi steric effect ya ortho-methyl gulu.
Magulu awiri a NCO a MDI ndi otalikirana ndipo palibe olowa m'malo mozungulira, kotero ntchito ya NCO iwiriyi ndi yaikulu. Ngakhale NCO imodzi ikuchitapo kanthu, ntchito ya NCO yotsalayo imachepetsedwa, ndipo ntchitoyi idakali yaikulu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, reactivity ya MDI polyurethane prepolymer ndi yayikulu kuposa ya TDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI ndi iti mwa yellowing resistance yomwe ili bwino?
A: HDI (ndi ya invariant yellow aliphatic diisocyanate), IPDI (yopangidwa ndi utomoni wa polyurethane wokhala ndi kukhazikika kwabwino komanso kukana kwa mankhwala, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utomoni wapamwamba kwambiri wosasinthika wa polyurethane).
30. Cholinga cha kusintha kwa MDI ndi njira zosinthira wamba
A: Liquefied MDI: Cholinga chosinthidwa: Liquefied pure MDI is a liquefied modified MDI, yomwe imagonjetsa zolakwika zina za MDI yoyera (yolimba kutentha kwa chipinda, kusungunuka pamene ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kutentha kambiri kumakhudza ntchito), komanso imapereka maziko a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. zosintha pakuwongolera ndi kukonza magwiridwe antchito a zida za MDI-based polyurethane.
Njira:
① urethane kusinthidwa liquefied MDI.
② carbodiimide ndi uretonimine kusinthidwa liquefied MDI.
31. Ndi ma polima amtundu wanji omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri?
A: Polyester polyol, polyether polyol
32. Kodi pali njira zingati zopangira mafakitale za polyester polyols?
A: Njira yosungunulira vacuum B, njira yosungunula mpweya wonyamulira C, njira ya azeotropic distillation
33. Kodi zida zapadera zomwe zili pamsana wa mamolekyu a polyester ndi polyether polyols ndi ziti?
A: Polyester polyol: Ma macromolecular alcohol compound omwe ali ndi gulu la ester pamsana wa maselo ndi gulu la hydroxyl (-OH) pamapeto pake. Ma polyether polyols: Ma polima kapena oligomer okhala ndi ma ether bond (-O-) ndi ma end band (-Oh) kapena magulu amine (-NH2) mumsana wa molekyulu.
34. Ndi mitundu yanji ya polyether polyol molingana ndi mawonekedwe awo?
A: Ma polyether amphamvu kwambiri, ma polyether omezanitsidwa, ma polyether oletsa moto wamoto, ma polyether opangidwa ndi heterocyclic, polytetrahydrofuran polyols.
35. Ndi mitundu ingati ya ma polyeters wamba omwe alipo molingana ndi choyambira?
A: Polyoxide propylene glycol, polyoxide propylene triol, hard bubble polyether polyol, low unsaturation polyether polyol.
36. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa ma poyetha a hydroxy-terminated ndi polyethers za amine?
Aminoterminated polyeters ndi polyoxide allyl ethers momwe hydroxyl end imasinthidwa ndi gulu la amine.
37. Ndi mitundu yanji ya zida za polyurethane zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri? Ndi mitundu iti yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri?
A: Zothandizira zapamwamba za amine, mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine,N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
Metallic alkyl mankhwala, mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi: organotin catalysts, imatha kugawidwa kukhala stannous octoate, stannous oleate, dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Kodi zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi polyurethane chain extenders kapena crosslinkers ndi ziti?
A: Polyols (1, 4-butanediol), alicyclic alcohols, mowa wonunkhira, ma diamines, ma amines a mowa (ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. Njira yowonongeka ya isocyanates
A: Zochita za isocyanates zokhala ndi ma hydrogen compounds zimachitika chifukwa cha nucleophilic center of the active hydrogen compound molekyulu yolimbana ndi atomu ya carbon ya NCO. The reaction mechanism ndi:
40. Kodi mapangidwe a isocyanate amakhudza bwanji reactivity ya magulu a NCO?
A: Mphamvu yamagetsi ya gulu la AR: ngati gulu la R ndi gulu lotengera ma elekitironi, kachulukidwe ka mitambo ya ma electron a C atomu mu gulu la -NCO ndi otsika, ndipo amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kuukira kwa ma nucleophiles, ndiye kuti, n'zosavuta kuchita nucleophilic zochita ndi alcohols, amines ndi mankhwala ena. Ngati R ndi gulu lopereka ma elekitironi ndipo limasamutsidwa kudzera mumtambo wa electron, kachulukidwe ka mitambo ka C atomu ya C mu gulu la -NCO idzawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke ndi ma nucleophiles, ndipo mphamvu yake yochitira ndi mankhwala a hydrogen. kuchepa. B. Induction effect: Chifukwa chakuti diisocyanate onunkhira ali ndi magulu awiri a NCO, pamene jini yoyamba ya -NCO imatenga nawo mbali pazochitikazo, chifukwa cha conjugated zotsatira za mphete yonunkhira, gulu la -NCO lomwe silitenga nawo mbali pazochitikazo lidzachitapo kanthu. gulu loyamwa ma elekitironi, kotero kuti zochita za gulu loyamba la NCO ziwonjezeke, zomwe ndi zotsatira zochititsa chidwi. C. steric effect: Mu mamolekyu onunkhira a diisocyanate, ngati magulu awiri a -NCO ali mu mphete yonunkhira nthawi imodzi, ndiye kuti chikoka cha gulu limodzi la NCO pa reactivity la gulu lina la NCO nthawi zambiri limakhala lofunika kwambiri. Komabe, pamene magulu awiri a NCO ali mu mphete zosiyana zokometsera mu molekyu imodzi, kapena amasiyanitsidwa ndi unyolo wa hydrocarbon kapena mphete zonunkhira, kuyanjana pakati pawo kumakhala kochepa, ndipo kumachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa unyolo wa hydrocarbon kapena kuchuluka kwa mphete zonunkhira.
41. Mitundu yamagulu a hydrogen yogwira ntchito ndi NCO reactivity
A: Aliphatic NH2> Aromatic gulu Bozui OH> Madzi> Secondary OH> Phenol OH> Carboxyl gulu> M'malo urea> Amido> Carbamate. (Ngati kachulukidwe ka mitambo ya ma elekitironi yapakati pa nucleophilic ndi yayikulu, mphamvu yamagetsi imakhala yamphamvu, ndipo zomwe zimachitika ndi isocyanate ndizokwera kwambiri komanso liwiro la zomwe zimachitika mwachangu; Apo ayi, ntchitoyo ndiyotsika.)
42. Mphamvu ya mankhwala a hydroxyl pa reactivity yawo ndi isocyanates
A: The reactivity of active hydrogen compounds (ROH kapena RNH2) imagwirizana ndi katundu wa R, pamene R ndi electron-withdrawing gulu (low electronegativity), zimakhala zovuta kusamutsa maatomu a haidrojeni, ndi zomwe zimachitika pakati pa mankhwala a hydrogen ndi NCO ndizovuta kwambiri; Ngati R ndi cholowa chopereka ma elekitironi, kubwezeretsanso kwamafuta a haidrojeni omwe ali ndi NCO kungawongoleredwe.
43. Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito isocyanate ndi madzi ndi chiyani?
A: Ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira pakukonza thovu la polyurethane. Zomwe zimachitika pakati pawo zimayamba kutulutsa asidi osakhazikika a carbamic, omwe amagawanika kukhala CO2 ndi amines, ndipo ngati isocyanate ili mopitirira muyeso, zotsatira za amine zimakhudzidwa ndi isocyanate kupanga urea.
44. Pokonzekera ma polyurethane elastomers, madzi opangidwa ndi polymer polymer ayenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa.
A: Palibe thovu lomwe limafunikira mu elastomers, zokutira ndi ulusi, chifukwa chake madzi omwe ali muzopangira ayenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa, nthawi zambiri osakwana 0.05%.
45. Kusiyana kwa zotsatira zochititsa chidwi za amine ndi tini zopangira pa isocyanate reaction.
A: Zothandizira zapamwamba za amine zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zothandizira isocyanate ndi madzi, pamene zopangira malata zimakhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera zomwe isocyanate imachita ndi gulu la hydroxyl.
46. N'chifukwa chiyani utomoni wa polyurethane ukhoza kuonedwa ngati polima, ndipo mawonekedwe a unyolo ndi otani?
Yankho: Chifukwa gawo la unyolo la polyurethane resin limapangidwa ndi zigawo zolimba komanso zofewa, gawo lolimba limatanthawuza gawo la unyolo lomwe limapangidwa ndi zomwe isocyanate, chain extender ndi crosslinker pa unyolo waukulu wa mamolekyu a polyurethane, ndipo maguluwa ali ndi mgwirizano waukulu. mphamvu, kuchuluka kwa danga komanso kusasunthika kwakukulu. Gawo lofewa limatanthawuza carbon-carbon main chain polymer polymer, yomwe imakhala yabwino kusinthasintha ndipo ndi gawo losinthika mu tcheni chachikulu cha polyurethane.
47. Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza katundu wa polyurethane zipangizo?
A: Mphamvu yolumikizana pagulu, hydrogen chomangira, crystallinity, digiri yolumikizana, kulemera kwa maselo, gawo lolimba, gawo lofewa.
48. Ndi zipangizo ziti zomwe zimakhala zofewa komanso zolimba pazitsulo zazikulu za polyurethane
A: Gawo lofewa limapangidwa ndi oligomer polyols (polyester, polyether diols, etc.), ndipo gawo lolimba limapangidwa ndi polyisocyanates kapena kuphatikiza kwawo ndi ma molekyulu ang'onoang'ono a unyolo.
49. Kodi zigawo zofewa ndi zigawo zolimba zimakhudza bwanji zinthu za polyurethane?
A: Gawo lofewa: (1) Kulemera kwa molekyulu ya gawo lofewa: poganiza kuti kulemera kwa molekyulu ya polyurethane ndi yofanana, ngati gawo lofewa ndi polyester, mphamvu ya polyurethane idzawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwa maselo. diol polyester; Ngati gawo lofewa ndi polyether, mphamvu ya polyurethane imachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwa maselo a polyether diol, koma elongation imawonjezeka. (2) Kuwala kwa gawo lofewa: Limathandiza kwambiri pakuwala kwa gawo lozungulira la polyurethane. Nthawi zambiri, crystallization imapindulitsa pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a zinthu za polyurethane, koma nthawi zina crystallization imachepetsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa zinthuzo, ndipo polima wa crystalline nthawi zambiri amakhala opaque.
Gawo lolimba: Gawo lolimba la unyolo nthawi zambiri limakhudza kufewetsa ndi kusungunuka kutentha komanso kutentha kwamphamvu kwa polima. Ma polyurethanes okonzedwa ndi onunkhira isocyanates amakhala ndi mphete zowuma zonunkhira, kotero mphamvu ya polima mu gawo lolimba imawonjezeka, ndipo mphamvu zakuthupi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kuposa za aliphatic isocyanate polyurethanes, koma kukana kuwonongeka kwa ultraviolet ndikosavuta, ndipo ndikosavuta chikasu. Aliphatic polyurethanes sakhala achikasu.
50. Gulu la thovu la polyurethane
A: (1) thovu lolimba ndi thovu lofewa, (2) kachulukidwe kakang'ono komanso thovu lochepa kwambiri, (3) mtundu wa polyester, thovu lamtundu wa polyether, (4) mtundu wa TDI, thovu lamtundu wa MDI, (5) thovu la polyurethane ndi thovu la polyisocyanurate, (6) njira imodzi ndi kupanga prepolymerization njira, njira mosalekeza ndi kupanga pakapita nthawi, (8) chipika thovu ndi kuumbidwa thovu.
51. Zomwe zimachitika pokonzekera thovu
A: Zimatanthawuza zomwe -NCO ndi -OH, -NH2 ndi H2O, ndipo pochita ndi polyols, "gel reaction" pakupanga thovu nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mapangidwe a carbamate. Chifukwa zopangira thovu zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri zopangira, ma netiweki olumikizana nawo amapezedwa, omwe amalola kuti thovu lisungunuke mwachangu.
The thovu anachita zimachitika mu thovu dongosolo pamaso pa madzi. Zomwe zimatchedwa "foaming reaction" nthawi zambiri zimatanthawuza momwe madzi ndi isocyanate amapanga urea m'malo ndikutulutsa CO2.
52. Nucleation limagwirira wa thovu
The zopangira amachitira mu madzi kapena zimadalira kutentha opangidwa ndi anachita kutulutsa mpweya mankhwala ndi volatilize mpweya. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa zomwe zimachitika komanso kupanga kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumachitika, kuchuluka kwa zinthu za gaseous ndi volatilization kunakula mosalekeza. Pamene mpweya ndende ukuwonjezeka kupitirira machulukitsidwe ndende, ndi wokhazikika kuwira akuyamba kupanga mu yankho gawo ndi kuwuka.
53. Udindo wa thovu stabilizer pokonza polyurethane thovu
A: Ili ndi emulsification effect, kotero kuti kusungunuka kwapakati pakati pa zigawo za thovu kumawonjezeka; Pambuyo kuwonjezera silikoni surfactant, chifukwa kwambiri amachepetsa kukangana padziko γ wa madzi, kuchuluka ufulu mphamvu zofunika kuti mpweya kubalalitsidwa yafupika, kotero kuti mpweya omwazikana mu zopangira ndi zambiri nucleate pa kusakaniza ndondomeko, amene. kumathandiza kupanga thovu ang'onoang'ono ndi bwino kukhazikika kwa thovu.
54. Njira yokhazikika ya thovu
A: Kuwonjezera kwa ma surfactants oyenerera kumathandizira kupanga kubalalitsidwa kwabwino kuwira.
55. Mapangidwe amachitidwe a thovu lotseguka la cell ndi thovu lotsekedwa la cell
A: Kapangidwe ka thovu lotseguka-maselo: Nthawi zambiri, pakakhala kupanikizika kwakukulu mu kuwira, mphamvu ya khoma lopangidwa ndi gel osakaniza silili lalitali, ndipo filimu yapakhoma silingathe kupirira kutambasula komwe kumayambitsa. ndi kukwera kwa mpweya wa gasi, filimu yotchinga khoma imakokedwa, ndipo mpweya umatuluka kuchokera kuphulika, kupanga thovu lotseguka.
Chotsekeka cell thovu mapangidwe limagwirira: Pakuti zovuta kuwira dongosolo, chifukwa cha zimene polyether polyols ndi Mipikisano zinchito ndi otsika maselo kulemera ndi polyisocyanate, liwiro gel osakaniza ndi mofulumira, ndi mpweya kuwira sangathe kuthyola kuwira khoma. , motero kupanga thovu lotsekedwa.
56. Makina otulutsa thobvu amtundu wotulutsa thobvu ndi mankhwala otulutsa thobvu
A: Wowomba mwakuthupi: Wowombera thupi ndi ma pores a thovu amapangidwa kudzera mu kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a chinthu china, ndiko kuti, kudzera pakukulitsa kwa gasi woponderezedwa, kuphulika kwamadzi kapena kusungunuka kolimba.
Mankhwala owuzira mankhwala: Mankhwala omwe amawomba ndi mankhwala omwe, akawola ndi kutentha, amatulutsa mpweya monga carbon dioxide ndi nitrogen ndikupanga ma pores abwino mu polima.
57. Kukonzekera njira ya thovu yofewa ya polyurethane
A: Njira imodzi ndi njira ya prepolymer
Njira ya Prepolymer: ndiko kuti, polyether polyol ndi kuchuluka kwa TDI reaction kumapangidwa kukhala prepolymer yokhala ndi gulu laulere la NCO, kenako limasakanizidwa ndi madzi, chothandizira, stabilizer, etc., kuti apange thovu. Njira imodzi: Zopangira zosiyanasiyana zimasakanizidwa mwachindunji mumutu wosakaniza kupyolera mu mawerengedwe, ndipo sitepe imapangidwa ndi thovu, yomwe imatha kugawidwa mosalekeza komanso yapakatikati.
58. Makhalidwe a thovu yopingasa ndi ofukula thovu
Njira yoyendetsera mbale yopumira: yodziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala apamwamba ndi mbale yophimba pamwamba. Kusefukira poyambira njira: yodziwika ndi ntchito kusefukira poyambira ndi conveyor lamba ankatera mbale.
Makhalidwe otulutsa thovu osunthika: mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kuyenda pang'ono kuti mutenge gawo lalikulu la midadada ya thovu, ndipo nthawi zambiri mumagwiritsa ntchito makina opumira opingasa kuti mutenge gawo lomwelo la chipikacho, mulingo wotuluka ndi 3 mpaka 5 wokulirapo kuposa ofukula. kuchita thovu; Chifukwa cha gawo lalikulu la mtanda wa chithovu chopanda chithovu, palibe khungu lapamwamba ndi lapansi, ndipo khungu la m'mphepete limakhalanso lochepa kwambiri, choncho kutayika kodula kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Zipangizozi zimakwirira malo ang'onoang'ono, kutalika kwa chomera ndi pafupifupi 12 ~ 13m, ndipo mtengo wogulira mbewuyo ndi zida ndizotsika poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimatulutsa thovu lopingasa; Ndikosavuta kusintha chopukutira ndi choyimira kuti chipange matupi a thovu ozungulira kapena amakona anayi, makamaka ma billet ozungulira a thovu odulira mozungulira.
59. Basic mfundo za zopangira kusankha zofewa thobvu kukonzekera
A: Polyol: polyether polyol ya thovu wamba chipika, molekyulu kulemera zambiri 3000 ~ 4000, makamaka poliyesitsa triol. Polyether triol yokhala ndi molekyulu yolemera 4500 ~ 6000 imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thovu lolimba kwambiri. Ndi kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa mamolekyu, mphamvu zolimba, kutalika ndi kulimba kwa chithovu kumawonjezeka. Kuchitanso kwa ma polyeters ofanana kunachepa. Ndi kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito a polyether, zomwe zimachitika zimachulukirachulukira, kuchuluka kwa crosslinking kwa polyurethane kumawonjezeka, kuuma kwa thovu kumachulukira, komanso kutalika kumachepa. Isocyanate: The isocyanate yaiwisi ya polyurethane soft block foam makamaka toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Ntchito yotsika kwambiri ya TDI-65 imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa thovu la polyester polyurethane kapena thovu lapadera la polyether. Chothandizira: Phindu lothandizira la kutulutsa thovu kofewa kochuluka kumatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: limodzi ndi mankhwala a organometallic, stannous caprylate ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri; Mtundu wina ndi ma amines apamwamba, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati dimethylaminoethyl ethers. Foam stabilizer: Mu poliyesitala polyurethane thovu chochuluka, sanali silicon surfactants ntchito makamaka, ndipo polyether chochuluka thovu, organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer ntchito makamaka. Foaming agent: Nthawi zambiri, madzi okha ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thovu pamene kachulukidwe ka thovu lofewa la polyurethane ndi lalikulu kuposa 21 kg pa kiyubiki mita; Mafuta owiritsa otsika monga methylene chloride (MC) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati othandizira kuwomba pongopanga kachulukidwe kakang'ono.
60. Chikoka cha chilengedwe pa zinthu zakuthupi za chipika thovu
Yankho: Zotsatira za kutentha: kutulutsa thovu kwa polyurethane kumachulukira pamene kutentha kwa zinthu kumakwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ngozi yoyaka ndi moto m'mapangidwe osavuta. Chikoka cha chinyezi cha mpweya: Ndi kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, chifukwa cha momwe gulu la isocyanate likuchita thovu ndi madzi mumlengalenga, kuuma kwa thovu kumachepa ndipo kutalika kumawonjezeka. Kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa chithovu kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa gulu la urea. Zotsatira za kupanikizika kwa mumlengalenga: Kwa chilinganizo chomwecho, pochita thovu pamtunda wapamwamba, kachulukidweko kamakhala kochepa kwambiri.
61. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa zida zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozizira kuumba thovu lofewa ndi thovu lopangidwa ndi kutentha.
A: Zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poumba kuchiritsa ozizira zimakhala ndi reactivity yayikulu, ndipo palibe chifukwa chotenthetsera kunja pakuchiritsa, kudalira kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi dongosolo, momwe machiritso amatha kutha kwakanthawi kochepa, ndipo nkhungu imatha. kumasulidwa patangopita mphindi zochepa pambuyo jekeseni wa zipangizo. The zopangira reactivity ya otentha kuchiritsa akamaumba thovu ndi otsika, ndi mmene osakaniza ayenera kutentha pamodzi ndi nkhungu pambuyo thovu mu nkhungu, ndi thovu mankhwala akhoza kumasulidwa pambuyo okhwima mokwanira mu njira kuphika.
62. Kodi ndi makhalidwe ati a thovu lofewa lozizira poyerekeza ndi thovu lopangidwa ndi moto
A: ① Kupanga sikufuna kutentha kwakunja, kumatha kupulumutsa kutentha kwambiri; ② High sag coefficient (collapsibility ratio), kuchita bwino chitonthozo; ③ High rebound mlingo; ④ thovu lopanda chotchingira moto lilinso ndi zinthu zina zoletsa moto; ⑤ Kuzungulira kwakanthawi kochepa, kumatha kupulumutsa nkhungu, kupulumutsa mtengo.
63. Makhalidwe ndi ntchito zofewa kuwira ndi kuwira molimba motero
A: Maonekedwe a thovu zofewa: Ma cell a thovu zofewa za polyurethane nthawi zambiri amakhala otseguka. Nthawi zambiri, imakhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, kuchira bwino zotanuka, kuyamwa kwamawu, kutulutsa mpweya, kuteteza kutentha ndi zina. Ntchito: Makamaka ntchito mipando, cushion chuma, galimoto mpando khushoni chuma, zosiyanasiyana padding zofewa laminated gulu zipangizo, mafakitale ndi boma zofewa thovu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zipangizo fyuluta, zotchinga mawu, zipangizo mantha-umboni, zipangizo zokongoletsera, ma CD zipangizo. ndi zipangizo zotetezera kutentha.
Makhalidwe a thovu lolimba: thovu la polyurethane lili ndi kulemera kopepuka, mphamvu yeniyeni yeniyeni ndi kukhazikika kwabwino; Kutentha kwamphamvu kwa thovu lolimba la polyurethane ndikopambana. Mphamvu zomatira zamphamvu; Kuchita bwino kwa ukalamba, moyo wautali wautumiki wa adiabatic; Zomwe zimasakanikirana zimakhala ndi madzi abwino ndipo zimatha kudzaza patsekeke kapena malo a mawonekedwe ovuta bwino. Zopangira zopangidwa ndi thovu lolimba la polyurethane zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, zimatha kuchiritsa mwachangu, ndipo zimatha kukwaniritsa bwino kwambiri komanso kupanga zochuluka mufakitale.
Ntchito: Zogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kutchinjiriza kwa mafiriji, mafiriji, zotengera zokhala mufiriji, kusungirako kuzizira, mapaipi amafuta ndi kutsekereza mapaipi amadzi otentha, khoma lanyumba ndi kutsekereza denga, bolodi la masangweji otsekera, etc.
64. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za kapangidwe ka bubble molimba
A: Ma polyols: ma polyether polyols omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thovu lolimba nthawi zambiri amakhala amphamvu kwambiri, okwera kwambiri a hydroxyl (ochepa molekyulu yolemera) polypropylene oxide polyols; Isocyanate: Pakalipano, isocyanate yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thovu zolimba ndi polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (yomwe imadziwika kuti PAPI), ndiko kuti, MDI yakuda ndi MDI yopangidwa ndi polymerized; Wowomba :(1)CFC kuwomba woomba (2)HCFC ndi HFC wowomba (3) wowuzira pentane (4) madzi; Foam stabilizer: Chithovu chokhazikika chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thovu lolimba la polyurethane nthawi zambiri chimakhala chotchinga polima cha polydimethylsiloxane ndi polyoxolefin. Pakali pano, ambiri thovu stabilizers makamaka Si-C mtundu; Chothandizira: Chothandizira kupanga kuwira kolimba ndi amine apamwamba kwambiri, ndipo chothandizira cha organotin chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazochitika zapadera; Zowonjezera zina: Malingana ndi zofunikira ndi zosowa za ntchito zosiyanasiyana za polyurethane okhwima mankhwala thovu, retardants lawi, otsegula, zoletsa utsi, anti-kukalamba, anti-mildew agents, toughening agents ndi zina zowonjezera akhoza kuwonjezeredwa kwa formula.
65. Khungu lonse akamaumba thovu kukonzekera mfundo
A: integral skin foam (ISF), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti self skinning foam (self skinning foam), ndi thovu lapulasitiki lomwe limapanga khungu lake lowundana panthawi yopanga.
66. Makhalidwe ndi ntchito za polyurethane microporous elastomers
A: Makhalidwe: polyurethane elastomer ndi polima chipika, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi oligomer polyol flexible unyolo unyolo gawo lofewa, diisocyanate ndi unyolo extender kupanga gawo lolimba, gawo lolimba ndi lofewa gawo lina makonzedwe, kupanga mobwerezabwereza structural unit. Kuphatikiza pa kukhala ndi magulu a ammonia ester, polyurethane imatha kupanga zomangira za haidrojeni mkati ndi pakati pa mamolekyu, ndipo zigawo zofewa ndi zolimba zimatha kupanga zigawo za microphase ndikupanga kupatukana kwa microphase.
67. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zazikulu zogwirira ntchito za polyurethane elastomers
A: Makhalidwe amachitidwe: 1, mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukhazikika, imatha kukhala yolimba mosiyanasiyana (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) kuti ikhale yolimba kwambiri; Nthawi zambiri, kuuma kocheperako komwe kumafunikira kumatha kupezeka popanda plasticizer, kotero palibe vuto lomwe limabwera chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa plasticizer; 2, pansi pa kuuma chomwecho, apamwamba kunyamula mphamvu kuposa elastomers ena; 3, kukana kwabwino kovala, kukana kwake kumakhala 2 mpaka 10 kuposa mphira wachilengedwe; 4. Mafuta abwino kwambiri ndi kukana mankhwala; Onunkhira polyurethane radiation kugonjetsedwa; Kukana kwa oxygen kwabwino komanso kukana kwa ozoni; 5, kukana kwakukulu, kukana kutopa kwabwino komanso kukana kugwedezeka, koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi pafupipafupi; 6, otsika kutentha kusinthasintha zabwino; 7, polyurethane wamba sangagwiritsidwe ntchito pamwamba pa 100 ℃, koma kugwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo chapadera kungathe kupirira kutentha kwa 140 ℃; 8, kuumba ndi kukonza ndalama ndizochepa.
68. Polyurethane elastomers amagawidwa malinga ndi polyols, isocyanates, kupanga njira, etc.
A: 1. Malinga ndi zopangira za oligomer polyol, polyurethane elastomers akhoza kugawidwa mu polyester mtundu, polyether mtundu, polyolefin mtundu, polycarbonate mtundu, etc. Polyether mtundu akhoza kugawidwa mu polytetrahydrofuran mtundu ndi polypropylene okusayidi mtundu malinga ndi mitundu yeniyeni; 2. Malingana ndi kusiyana kwa diisocyanate, ikhoza kugawidwa mu aliphatic ndi onunkhira elastomers, ndi kugawidwa mu TDI mtundu, MDI mtundu, IPDI mtundu, NDI mtundu ndi mitundu ina; Kuchokera pakupanga, polyurethane elastomers mwamwambo amagawidwa m'magulu atatu: mtundu wa kuponyera (CPU), thermoplasticity (TPU) ndi mtundu wosakaniza (MPU).
69. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza katundu wa polyurethane elastomers kuchokera ku mawonekedwe a maselo?
A: Kutengera mawonekedwe a mamolekyu, polyurethane elastomer ndi polima yotchinga, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi ma oligomer polyols osinthika unyolo wautali, diisocyanate ndi unyolo extender kupanga gawo lolimba, gawo lolimba ndi gawo lofewa losinthana, kupanga kubwerezabwereza. unit yomanga. Kuphatikiza pa kukhala ndi magulu a ammonia ester, polyurethane imatha kupanga zomangira za haidrojeni mkati ndi pakati pa mamolekyu, ndipo zigawo zofewa ndi zolimba zimatha kupanga zigawo za microphase ndikupanga kupatukana kwa microphase. Mapangidwe awa amapangitsa ma polyurethane elastomers kukhala olimba kwambiri komanso olimba, omwe amadziwika kuti "rabara yosamva kuvala".
70. Kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa mtundu wamba wa polyester ndi polytetrahydrofuran ether mtundu wa elastomers
A: Mamolekyu a polyester ali ndi magulu ambiri a polar ester (-COO-), omwe amatha kupanga zomangira zamphamvu za intramolecular hydrogen, kotero polyester polyurethane imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, kukana kuvala ndi kukana mafuta.
The elastomer wokonzedwa polyether polyols ali wabwino hydrolysis bata, kukana nyengo, otsika kutentha kusinthasintha ndi kukana nkhungu. Gwero lazolemba/Polymer learning Research
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-17-2024